The division of the Roman world between the sons of Theodosius marks the final establishment of the empire of the East, which, from the reign of Arcadius to the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, subsisted one thousand and fifty-eight years in a state of premature and perpetual decay. The sovereign of that empire assumed and obstinately retained the vain, and at length fictitious, title of Emperor of the ROMANS; and the hereditary appellations of CAESAR and AUGUSTUS continued to declare that he was the legitimate successor of the first of men, who had reigned over the first of nations. The palace of Constantinople rivalled, and perhaps excelled, the magnificence of Persia;
羅馬世界在提奧多西的諸子之間的瓜分標誌著東羅馬帝國的最終建立。它在從阿爾卡狄烏斯
的統治,直至土耳其人攻陷君士坦丁堡為止,在一種早熟的、永遠處於不斷腐敗的狀態中,存在
了1058年。這帝國的君主一直自稱為,並頑固地保留著,那個虛假的、最後更成為想像中的羅馬皇帝的稱號;而沿襲的愷撒和奧古斯都的名號仍繼續表明著他是那第一個國家的第一位統治者的合法斷承人。君士坦丁堡的皇宮可與輝煌的波斯皇宮媲美,甚至更勝一籌
The successors of Constantine established their perpetual residence in the royal city which he had erected on the verge of Europe and Asia. Inaccessible to the menaces of their enemies, and perhaps to the complaints of their people, they received with each wind the tributary productions of every climate; while the impregnable strength of their capital continued for ages to defy the hostile attempts of the barbarians. Their dominions were bounded by the Hadriatic and the Tigris; and the whole interval of twenty-five days' navigation, which separated the extreme cold of Scythia from the torrid zone of Aethiopia, was comprehended within the limits of the empire of the East. The populous countries of that empire were the seat of art and learning, of luxury and wealth; and the inhabitants, who had assumed the language and manners of Greeks, styled themselves, with some appearance of truth, the most enlightened and civilised portion of the human species.
君士坦丁的繼承者們在他在歐、亞交界處建立的皇都中建起了自己永久的居住地。在這敵
人的威脅,甚至也許是自己的人民的抱怨聲難以達到的地方,他們接受著每一陣風從各種氣候條件的地區吹送來的四季貢品;而他們的這座堅不可摧的首都多少代以來便一直抵禦著野蠻人的凶惡的企圖。他們的統治地域以亞得裡亞海和底格裡斯河為界;而那使西徐亞的嚴寒地帶和埃塞俄比亞的熱帶地區間隔開的25天航程所到之處,全被視作在東羅馬帝國的掌握之內。處於該帝國中人口眾多的地區全都是藝術和學識、奢侈和財富的中心;而那些曾接受希臘語言和習俗的居民則不無道理地自稱為人類中最開化、最文明的人群。
The form of government was a pure and simple monarchy; the name of the ROMAN REPUBLIC, which so long preserved a faint tradition of freedom, was confined to the Latin provinces; and the princes of Constantinople measured their greatness by the servile obedience of their people. They were ignorant how much this passive disposition enervates and degrades every faculty of the mind. The subjects who had resigned their will to the absolute commands of a master were equally incapable of guarding their lives and fortunes against the assaults of the barbarians or of defending their reason from the terrors of superstition.
政府的形式是單純的王國制;羅馬共和國這個長期以來一直保留著幾分自由氣息的名稱只限
於那些拉丁省份;而君士坦丁堡的君王們則以他們的臣民的臣服程度來衡量自己的偉大。他們完全不知道這種一味屈從的態度如何削弱和損傷人的聰明才智。那些使自己的意志完全聽命於一位主子的號令的臣民,也必然無能抗拒野蠻人的進攻,以保衛自己的生命和財產,也無能保護自己的理智不為迷信思想所嚇倒。
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