Ads
儘管這類出於嫉妒的殘酷行徑和一些貪污行為使馬梅亞受到人們的指責,但她的治理措施總的來講是同樣既有利於她的兒子也有利於帝國的。在元老院的同意下,她挑選了16個最明智、品德最為高尚的元老組成永久性的國家政務會,任何重大的公共事務都須通過它討論決定。由既充分瞭解又十分尊重羅馬法律的著名人士烏爾皮安主持其事;這種貴族政治的謹慎而堅決的態度終使帝國政府恢復了秩序和權威。他們在清除了羅馬城中外來的迷信活動和奢侈行為、清除了埃拉伽巴盧斯的隨心所欲的暴政的殘餘之後,便致力於從政府機構的各個部門中清除掉他所安插的無能的廢物,並全部換上品德高尚、確有能力的人才。有知識、熱愛正義是被推薦擔任文職的唯一條件;勇敢、嚴守紀律是擔任軍職的唯一標准。
Notwithstanding this act of jealous cruelty, as well as some instances of avarice, with which Mamaea is charged, the general tenor of her administration was equally for the benefit of her son and of the empire. With the approbation of the senate, she chose sixteen of the wisest and most virtuous senators, as a perpetual council of state, before whom every public business of moment was debated and determined. The celebrated Ulpian, equally distinguished by his knowledge of, and his respect for, the laws of Rome, was at their head; and the prudent firmness of this aristocracy restored order and authority to the government. As soon as they had purged the city from foreign superstition and luxury, the remains of the capricious tyranny of Elagabalus, they applied themselves to remove his worthless creatures from every department of public administration, and to supply their places with men of virtue and ability. Learning, and the love of justice, became the only recommendations for civil offices; valour, and the love of discipline, the only qualifications for military employments.
但是,馬梅亞和她的明智的顧問們最為關心的還是如何塑造這年輕皇帝的性格,因為說到底,他個人的氣質最後必將為羅馬世界人民的幸福與苦難之所系。幸運的土壤能幫助,甚至用不著,人力的耕耘。透徹的理解很快使亞歷山大認識到高尚的品德只會使自己受益,知識是一種樂趣、勤勞更屬必需。天生的善良、溫和的性格使他完全能抗拒情欲的影響和邪惡的誘惑。他對他母親的始終如一的關懷以及他對明智的烏爾皮安的尊重使得他在無經驗的青少年時期便能自覺抵制諂媚的毒害。
But the most important care of Mamaea and her wise counsellors, was to form the character of the young emperor, on whose personal qualities the happiness or misery of the Roman world must ultimately depend. The fortunate soil assisted, and even prevented, the hand of cultivation. An excellent understanding soon convinced Alexander of the advantages of virtue, the pleasure of knowledge, and the necessity of labour. A natural mildness and moderation of temper preserved him from the assaults of passion, and the allurements of vice. His unalterable regard for his mother, and his esteem for the wise Ulpian, guarded his inexperienced youth from the poison of flattery.
Such an uniform tenor of life, which left not a moment for vice or folly, is a better proof of the wisdom and justice of Alexander's government, than all the trifling details preserved in the compilation of Lampridius. Since the accession of Commodus, the Roman world had experienced, during a term of forty years, the successive and various vices of four tyrants. From the death of Elagabalus it enjoyed (A.D. 222-235) an auspicious calm of thirteen years. The provinces, relieved from the oppressive taxes invented by Caracalla and his pretended son, flourished in peace and prosperity, under the administration of magistrates, who were convinced by experience, that to deserve the love of the subjects was their best and only method of obtaining the favour of their sovereign. While some gentle restraints were imposed on the innocent luxury of the Roman people, the price of provisions, and the interest of money, were reduced, by the paternal care of Alexander, whose prudent liberality, without distressing the industrious, supplied the wants and amusements of the populace. The dignity, the freedom, the authority of the senate were restored; and every virtuous senator might approach the person of the emperor, without fear, and without a blush.
自康茂德即位以後,羅馬世界在長達40年的時間中,不停地飽受四個暴君的各種罪惡行徑的折磨,在艾拉伽巴盧斯死後,它才得以享受了13年國泰民安的太平年景。地方各省,不再受卡拉卡拉和他的狂妄的兒子的巧立名目的賦稅的壓榨,在一些通過親身經曆相信只有能得到人民愛戴才是獲得君主寵倖最好的唯一的辦法的行政官的治理之下,也在和平和繁榮中興盛起來。由於對羅馬人民無害的奢侈生活也稍加限制,更通過亞歷山大的慈父般的關懷,食物的價格和借債的利息都逐漸下降,而他的比較謹慎的慷慨恩賜,既能緩解大多數群眾的匱乏使他們能愉快地生活,也不會傷害勤勞人民的積極性。元老院的尊嚴、自由和權威已完全恢複了;每一個正直的元老都能有機會毫無畏懼、毫不緊張地親自和皇帝交談。
Ads
Ads