前陣子網上有人討論起社會科學是否科學一議題,以推廣知識為任、學識淵博聞名的書生百用網主,寫了一篇自詡「深度」名為《社會科學是否科學》的文章,喜獲近二百分享。但原來該文章與International Encyclopedia of Philosophy中「The Philosophy of Social Science」一條目(下簡稱IEP),雖非完全相同,但極為相似,由段落鋪排乃至用字都相類,好聽點可以說成硬譯。書生一文在別人指控他抄襲之前,甚至沒有在參考資料提及IEP,後來才加了一個註標明。
1.
原文︰「The achievements of the natural sciences in the wake of the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century have been most impressive.」
抄譯版︰「自從 16 世紀科學革命,自然科學帶來的巨大成就,可謂舉世觸目。」
2.
原文︰「Modern physics, for instance, has shed light on such mysteries as the origin of the universe and the source of the sun’s energy, and it has also spawned technology that has led to supercomputers, nuclear energy (and bombs), and space exploration. Natural science is manifestly progressive, insofar as over time its theories tend to increase in depth, range and predictive power.」
抄譯版︰「物理學揭示了宇宙起源和發展的奧秘,生物學揭示了人類的演化由來和複雜的生理機能。自然科學理論不僅大幅增加我們對自然世界的理解,也增進了我們對自然世界的控制,以此建立出文明舒適的社會(例如超級電腦、食物生產技術、醫療技術都大大提升了人類生活的福祉)。」
3.
原文︰「At least in the long run, natural science tends to produce consent regarding which theories are valid. Given this evident success, many philosophers and social theorists have been eager to import the methods of natural science to the study of the social world.」
抄譯版︰「鑑於自然科學的明顯成功,許多社會學家和哲學家都渴望能將自然科學的方法引入人類社會的研究之中。」
4.
原文︰「If social science were to achieve the explanatory and predictive power of natural science, it could help solve vexing social problems, such as violence and poverty, improve the performance of institutions and generally foster human well-being.」
抄譯版︰「如果社會科學也能實現自然科學的解釋和預測能力,將更有效處理諸如暴力、貧困、奴役等棘手的社會問題。」
5.
原文︰「It is also consensual. That is, there is general agreement among natural scientists regarding what the aims of science are and how to conduct it, including how to evaluate theories.」
抄譯版︰「不過,要統一社會科學和自然科學,就必須為兩者的目標和方法達成一致的共識;這可能嗎?」
6.
原文︰「The genesis of positivism can be traced to the ideas of the British empiricists of the seventeenth and eighteenth century, including most notably John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume. As an epistemological doctrine, empiricism in essence holds that genuine knowledge of the external world must be grounded in experience and observation.」
抄譯版︰「歷史上,一個稱為「實證主義 (Positivism)」的思想流派嘗試給出肯定的答案。實證主義的起源可以追溯到 17-18 世紀的經驗主義思想,根據這觀點,我們一出世時的心靈尤如白板,對世界的所有概念和認識都來自於經驗去繪畫。」
7.
原文︰「In the nineteenth century, Auguste Comte, who coined the term “positivism,” argued that all theories, concepts or entities that are incapable of being verified empirically must be purged from scientific explanations.」
抄譯版︰「19 世紀社會學的創始人奧古斯特.孔德 (Auguste Comte) 承繼了經驗主義的部分思想,創造出『實證主義』一詞,主張所有無法通過經驗檢驗的理論、概念或實體都必須從科學解釋中排除掉。」
8.
原文︰「Comte also advocated the unity of scientific method, arguing that the natural and social sciences should both adopt a positivist approach. (Comte was a founder of sociology, which he also called “social physics.”)」
抄譯版︰「孔德還提倡自然科學和社會科學都應該採用實證主義的方法,他把社會學稱為『社會物理學 (social physics)』。」
9.
原文︰「Nonetheless there is a tendency for advocates of naturalism to embrace methodological individualism. Still, holists are found in the naturalist camp, too, including Emile Durkheim and Auguste Comte, both of whom were key figures in founding the field of sociology. (section 3)」
抄譯版︰「實證主義在社會科學創始時,具有巨大的影響力。社會學創始人涂爾幹 (Émile Durkheim) 的社會研究便充滿實證主義的特色。」
10.
原文︰「Despite the collapse of positivism as a philosophical movement, it continues to exercise influence on contemporary advocates of the unity of scientific method」
抄譯版︰「但基於各種複雜的理由,實證主義在 20 世紀下半葉開始式微 ;但它遺留下來的主要觀點:『統一當代科學方法』卻仍然不乏支持者追隨。」
11.
原文︰「Though there are important disagreements among naturalists about the proper methodology of science, three core tenets that trace their origin to positivism can be identified.」
抄譯版︰「讓我們暫且稱這些支持『社會科學應該跟隨自然科學』的觀點為『自然主義』 [1] 。自然主義雖然放棄了實證主義的一些核心信條 [2] ,但它基本上同意實證主義的三個原則應用在社會科學上。」
1.
原文︰「Around that time the formula ‘God is love’ became inverted into ‘love is God’, so that it is now the West’s undeclared religion – and perhaps its only generally accepted religion.」(p.1)
抄譯版︰「『上帝是愛』已在近代逆轉為反面:『愛是上帝』,成為整個世界新興的宗教。」
2.
原文︰「The religion of love is no less attractive to the diehard atheist than to the agnostic or the believer. Many atheists find in love a taste of the absolute and the eternal that they rigorously deny to any other realm of life.」(p.3)
抄譯版︰「即使是最堅定頑固的無神論者,也會被它的魅力所吸引。許多無神論者在宗教或生命其他領域裡,強烈地否認永恆與絕對的存在,但他們都曾從愛中感受到相關的慰藉與力量。」
3.
原文︰「By contrast, since the West started losing its faith in God in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, all his substitutes – all those objects of worship that have, at one time or another, been seen as harbingers of human exaltation and redemption; as imbuing with value and meaning anything they structure – have, one by one, been found wanting. Reason, Progress, the Nation, the State, Communism, and the bevy of other idols and ‘isms’ that were, and in one or two cases – like nationalism and art – still sporadically are, elevated to religions of salvation to fill the void left by the slow ‘death’ of God...」(p.3)
抄譯版︰「自 18 世紀開始,基督教的上帝逐漸在西方世界退場;但人類對宗教根深柢固的渴求並沒有因而消失,於是上帝的各種替身開始在世界舞台上登場,領受人們的膜拜。理性、平等、自由、民族、國家、藝術、共產主義……各色各樣的主義與偶像都曾經被奉上神壇,填補上帝死後留下的空缺。」
4.
原文︰「Art is better than freedom at meeting man’s religious needs – but only for the
few (and, as creators of art, for even fewer), quite apart from the fact that contemporary art has become too determinedly ironic, too intentionally everyday in tone, too scornful of the idea of salvation or ultimate meanings or the unconditional or the enduring, to be in a position to do the job reliably.」(p.4)
抄譯版︰「藝術能取代上帝嗎?雖然藝術普遍被歌頌為人類精神的最佳結晶,能夠撫慰人心;但藝術已經開始故意拋棄一切有關終極意義的概念,真善美不再是現代藝術所追求的核心主旨。除此之外,藝術曲高而寡的一面,也注定它只能對少數人奏效,大部分人都無法從藝術中找到歸宿。」
5.
原文︰「Freedom – the only other perennial candidate for a mass religion – will not do the trick, if only because it cannot be, even theoretically, unlimited in either extent or value. Though almost universally acclaimed in the contemporary world as a great good, including by its enemies (always a sign of how powerful a value has become), it cannot lend value to anything genuinely done in its name in the way that love can. Nor is every increase in freedom necessarily good in the sense that we think every increase in love is.」(p.4)
抄譯版︰「自由也一度被奉為最佳後備。現代社會幾乎所有人,甚至是它的敵人,都深深認同自由是偉大的善,但它終究只是終極價值得以可能的條件,而非本身。自由的增加也不代表一定是好事。在自由之中,人們反道可能感到迷失與虛無。」
6.
原文︰「Love is unconditional: it is neither aroused nor diminished by the other’s value or qualities; it is a spontaneous gift that seeks nothing for the giver. (Paradigm case: parents’ love for their children.)
Love relates to and affirms the loved one in their full particularity, the ‘bad’ as well as the ‘good’.
Love is fundamentally selfless: a disinterested concern for the flourishing of loved ones for their own sake.
Love is benevolent and harmonious – a haven of peace.
Love is eternal: it – or its blessings – will never die.」(p.2)
抄譯版︰「愛是無條件的,並不索取任何回報;
愛是無私的,戀人會忘我的關心所愛的人的健康幸福;
愛是永恆與絕對的,腐朽的俗世之愛不是真正的愛;
愛令人完整,找回自己的獨特性;
愛令人從不完美的世界中找到生命的安息之處;
愛令最卑微低下的人也能得到救贖;
愛以自身的善驅逐了苦難與虛無。」
海棠朵朵
2019-2-13 18:59:50
7.
原文︰「Why me? Why the innocent child? To what end such calamity? Only love seems undefeated by such questions. Only love seems to have the all-conquering force to flood horrors with meaning –‘he didn’t die in vain’ – or, where even it cannot do that because he obviously did die in vain, then to give his life unquestionable value –‘he loved and was loved, and this vindicates his life, and this vindication of his life obliterates the meaninglessness of his death’.」(p.3)
抄譯版︰「我是誰?我的存在有什麼意義?面對死亡的不可避免,我們可以如何應對?在這些終極的哲學問題上,愛也成為了唯一難以摧毀的正面答案:我們從愛的關係與互動之中瞭解自己;從愛的結合與陪伴之中感到完整;從愛的實踐之中獲得生命意義,甚至最終超越死亡的虛無:『即使他死於虛無,甚至無法從愛中得到救贖,但他曾經愛與被愛過,這就足以證明他生命的價值與正當性,這種正當性甚至驅逐了他死亡的無意義。』肉體消亡,但愛仍然能夠延續。」
第三,書生建議真正想瞭解真相的讀者不要只看以上引文,不妨對照iep的原文和書生的文章去讀,自行判斷哪些地方是「抄襲」過來,哪些地方是書生原創部分,這也是一個有趣的任務,也能作更恰當的判斷(只引用我引用的段落當然覺得是純文抄公)。如果懷疑本人純屬用google翻譯「硬譯」內容,不求甚解,歡迎大家發揮科學求真精神,自行copy and paste iep一文到google翻譯,看看是否只是搬字過紙。
第四,其實社科一文早已有回應,貼在此供大家參考,也算作最後回應: 本文是將之前就「社會科學是否科學」議題寫下來的三篇文章合成一篇,再補充細節、論證和個人意見。基於之前其中一文章的內容和結構都與《The Philosophy of Social Science(以下簡稱TPOSS) 》相似,引來抄襲之批評。本人深表歉意。本人並沒有任何抄襲之意圖。本人從不避忌自己的文章內容主要來自某些書或文章,故大部分文章都註明「參考資料 (reference) 」,原初文章也有明確把 TPOSS 附在「參考資料」上,並提供連結。原初文章主要參考的兩個資料來源: Alex Rosenberg (2016) 和 TPOSS 都沿用同一結構,內容也多有重疊,由於本人認為這是最好的表達方式,才以此為主要籃本撰寫文章(判斷是否抄襲的其中一個判準是看看介紹同類題目的書籍文章內容是否相近,若是,那麼這可說是大家互相抄襲嗎?)。本人以為介紹性文章,經過理解、簡化、篩選、用自己方式撰寫、更改我認為不好的地方、補充細節及註明出處,就算是妥當的做法,卻忽略了「用自己表達的方式」這一點做得仍不夠好,故將在此文中修正。然而,本文的結構和內容還是有一定程度和 TPOSS 相近(因為本人認為這是最佳的結構和內容,希望大家能諒解),但會比原初文章加入更多的資料、論證、細節及相關註腳,希望讓讀者能有所裨益。本人寫文主要目的是有益大眾,引來抄襲之嫌實屬遺憾,特此致歉,希望這篇文章能給大家更實用有趣的閱讀經驗。最後,本人極之歡迎讀者延伸閱讀參考資料上的書籍和論文,獨立思考問題的對錯。知識文章很難寫,也不易讀,共勉。
【我迷失在.* 這場_×°哲普遊戲,曾經忘了要*嚴打學棍*】
竊書不能算偷,竊文亦不能算抄?近日接二連三有消息人士向我們透露書生百用網主疑似「竊文」(但沒有抄)。古有愚公移山,今有書生移文,他將別人文章的觀點、鋪排乃至字眼例子等等直接「搬字過紙」,但卻沒有標明出處,展現了文字版影分身術。 分享知識沒問題,但將別人的知識當成自己的,享受別人的學術成果,賺取名利,欺騙讀者卻是大問題,實在不得不指出,不能任他繼續。如今就讓我們一同觀看文字界傳奇誕生(以下主要為消息人士文字,字句稍為修改,應該不算抄):
前陣子網上有人討論起社會科學是否科學一議題,以推廣知識為任、學識淵博聞名的書生百用網主,寫了一篇自詡「深度」名為《社會科學是否科學》的文章,喜獲近二百分享。但原來該文章與International Encyclopedia of Philosophy中「The Philosophy of Social Science」一條目(下簡稱IEP),雖非完全相同,但極為相似,由段落鋪排乃至用字都相類,好聽點可以說成硬譯。書生一文在別人指控他抄襲之前,甚至沒有在參考資料提及IEP,後來才加了一個註標明。